The Mystery of Faith. Introduction to Orthodox Dogmatic Theology

Expiation

In the New Testament, Christ is called the "atonement" for the sins of people (Matt. 20:28, 1 Cor. 1:30). "Atonement" is a Slavic translation of the Greek word lytrosis, meaning "ransom", that is, a sum of money, the payment of which gives the slave liberation, and the condemned to death - life. Through the Fall, man fell into slavery to sin (John 8:24, etc.), and redemption is required to free him from this slavery. Some believed that the ransom was paid to the devil, to whom man was enslaved. Thus, for example, Origen asserted that the Son of God gave His spirit into the hands of the Father, and gave His soul to the devil as a ransom for people: "To whom did the Redeemer give His soul as a ransom for many? Not to God, but... to the devil... As the ransom was given for us the soul of the Son of God, and not His spirit, for He had already delivered it up to the Father before, saying, 'Father, into Thy hands I commend My spirit,' neither is the body, for we find nothing of this in the Scriptures." For such an understanding of redemption, St. Gregory the Theologian reproached Origen: "If the great and most glorious blood of God, of the bishop and of sacrifice is given as the price of redemption to the evil one, then how insulting it is! The thief receives not only the ransom price from God, but also from God Himself! [2] "St. Gregory of Nyssa interprets redemption as a "deception" and a "bargain with the devil": Christ, in order to redeem people, offers them His own flesh, "hiding" the Divinity under it; the devil rushes at it as a bait, but swallows the "hook" along with the bait, that is, the Divinity, and dies [3]. To the question whether "deception" is not immorality, uncharacteristic of the Divinity, St. Gregory replies that since the devil himself is a deceiver, it was quite right for God to deceive Him as well: "(The devil) used deception to corrupt nature, and the just, good and all-wise (God) used the invention of deception for the salvation of the corrupt, benefiting not only the lost (man), but also the one who caused our destruction (the devil)... For this reason, even the adversary himself, if he had felt the beneficence, would not have thought that it was unjust."4 Some other Fathers also say that the devil was "deceived," but they do not go so far as to assert that God deceived him. Thus, in the Catechetical Sermon attributed to St. John Chrysostom (it is read at Paschal Matins), it is said that hell was "ridiculed" by the Resurrection of Christ and "caught" for not noticing the invisible God under the visible man: "Hell was grieved when it met Thee: it was grieved because it was abolished, it was grieved because it was ridiculed... He took on a body and touched God, took on the earth and met heaven, received what he saw and was caught in what he did not see [5]." In one of the three kneeling prayers read on the feast of Pentecost, it is said that Christ "caught the beginning of the evil and deep serpent with divine flattery (i.e. deception)" [6].According to another interpretation, the ransom was paid not to the devil, since he has no power over man, but to God the Father. The Western theologian Anselm of Canterbury wrote in the eleventh century that the Divine Truth was angered by the fall of man, which demanded satisfaction (Latin satisfactio), but since no human sacrifices were enough to satisfy it, the Son of God Himself brought it a ransom. The death of Christ satisfied God's wrath, and man was restored to grace, for the assimilation of which he needs to have some merit - faith and good works [7]. But since, again, man does not have these merits, he can draw them from Christ, who has super-due merits, as well as from the saints, who have done more good deeds in their lives than was necessary for their personal salvation, and therefore have a surplus, as it were, which they can share. This theory, born in the depths of Latin scholastic theology, is of a legal nature and reflects medieval ideas about insults to honor that require satisfaction. The death of Christ, in this understanding, does not abolish sin, but only relieves man of responsibility for it.It should be noted, however, that the theory of satisfaction also penetrated into Russian academic theology, which in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was under the great influence of Latin scholasticism. Thus, for example, in the "Extensive Christian Katiechisis" it is written: "His (Christ's) voluntary sufferings and death on the cross for us, being of infinite value and dignity, as the death of the sinless and God-man, is both the complete satisfaction of God's justice, Who condemned us for sin to death, and the immeasurable merit that acquired to Him the right, without offending justice, to grant us, sinners, forgiveness of sins and grace for victory over sin [8]." The abundance of juridical terms (price, merit, satisfaction, insult, justice, law) testifies to the fact that such an understanding is closer to medieval scholasticism than to the views of the Fathers of the Eastern Church.In the Eastern Church, the reaction to the Western teaching on redemption as satisfaction was the Council of Constantinople of 1157, the participants of which, refuting the heresy of the "Latin-minded" Sotericus Panteeugenes, agreed that Christ offered a redemptive sacrifice to the entire Holy Trinity. and not to the Father alone: "Christ voluntarily offered Himself as a sacrifice, but offered Himself according to humanity, and Himself accepted the sacrifice as God together with the Father and the Spirit... The God-Man Word... He offered a saving sacrifice to the Father, to Himself, as God, and to the Spirit, by Whom man was called from non-existence to existence, Whom he offended by transgressing the commandment, and with Whom reconciliation took place through the sufferings of Christ [9]." The fact that Christ simultaneously offers and accepts sacrifice is stated in the priestly prayer read at the Liturgies of John Chrysostom and Basil the Great: "For Thou art the one who offers and is offered, and receives, and is distributed, O Christ our God." In one of the sermons of St. Cyril of Jerusalem it is said: "I see the Infant offering the lawful sacrifice on earth, but I see Him receiving sacrifices from all in heaven... He Himself is the Gifts, He Himself is the Bishop, He Himself is the altar, He Himself is the purgatory, He Himself is the Offerer, He Himself is the Sacrifice for the world. He Himself is the fire that exists, He Himself is the burnt offering, He Himself is the tree of life and knowledge, He Himself is the sword of the Spirit, He Himself is the Shepherd, He Himself is the priest, He Himself is the Law, and He Himself fulfills this law."10 Many ancient Church authors generally avoid speaking of "ransom" in the literal sense, understanding by redemption the reconciliation of mankind with God and adoption by Him. They speak of redemption as a manifestation of God's love for man. This view is confirmed in the words of the Apostle John the Theologian: "God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life" (John 3:16). It is not the wrath of God the Father, but His love that is the cause of the Son's sacrifice on the cross. According to St. Symeon the New Theologian, Christ offers mankind redeemed by Him as a gift to God, finally freeing it from the power of the devil [11]. Since man is enslaved to the devil from his very birth throughout his life, the Lord passes through every age so that at every stage of man's development the devil will be defeated: Christ "was incarnate and was born... sanctifying conception and birth, And gradually growing, blessed every age... He became a slave, taking the form of a slave - and us, slaves, he again elevated to the dignity of masters and made masters and rulers of the devil himself, who was formerly our tyrant... became a curse when he was crucified... and by His death He slew death, rose again, and destroyed all the strength and energy of the enemy, who had power over us through death and sin."12 The incarnate Christ, wishing to be like us in all things, passes not only through every age, but also through all possible forms of suffering, up to and including abandonment, which is the highest suffering of the human soul. The cry of the Savior on the cross: "My God! My god! Why hast thou forsaken me?" (Matthew 27:46) is the culmination of His suffering on Golgotha. But the great mystery of this moment is that the Divinity of Christ was not separated from humanity for a moment – God did not abandon Him, although He, as a man, feels human abandonment by God... And even when the body of the deceased Christ lay in the tomb, and His soul descended into hell, the Divinity was not separated from humanity: "In the grave in the flesh, in hell with the soul, as God, in paradise with the thief, and on the throne Thou wast Christ, with the Father and the Spirit, fulfilling all things, indescribable" (troparion of the feast of the Pascha of Christ). Christ simultaneously in hell and in paradise, and on earth, and in heaven, and with people, and with the Father and the Spirit - He fills everything with Himself, without being "describable", that is, limited by anything. "Do you see the depth of the mysteries? - writes St. Symeon the New Theologian. - Have you known the boundless greatness of abundant glory?.. (Christ) will have with us the same union by grace as He Himself has with the Father by nature... The glory which the Father gave to the Son, the Son also gives to us by grace... Having once become our kinsman in the flesh and made us partakers of His Divinity, He (thereby) made us His kinsmen... We have the same unity with Christ... what a husband has with his wife, and a wife with her husband [13]." In Christ, man is renewed and recreated. Christ's redemptive feat was accomplished not for the sake of an abstract "mass" of people, but for the sake of each concrete person. As the same St. Simeon says, "God sent His only-begotten Son to earth for you and for your salvation, because He foreknew you and predestined you to be His brother and co-heir."[14] In Christ the entire history of man, including his fall into sin and expulsion from paradise, receives justification, completion and absolute meaning. The Kingdom of Heaven, given by Christ to those who believe in Him, is something much more than the primordial paradise; it is "an incorruptible, undefiled, and unfading inheritance," in the words of the Apostle Peter (1 Pet. 1:4), it is the "third heaven," of which the Apostle Paul could say nothing, because the "ineffable words" that sound there surpass every human word (2 Cor. 12:2-4). The incarnation of Christ and His redemptive feat are of greater importance for man than even the creation of man itself. From the moment of the Incarnation, our history begins anew: man again finds himself face to face with God, as close, and perhaps even closer, than in the first minutes of human existence. Christ leads man into the "new paradise" - the Church, where He reigns and man reigns with Him. The word of the Gospel answers: to all those who believe in Christ ("whosoever believeth and is baptized shall be saved"; Mark 16:16). Faith in Christ makes us children of God, born of God (John 1:12-13). Through faith, Baptism and life in the Church, we become co-heirs of the Kingdom of God, we are freed from all the consequences of the Fall, we are resurrected together with Christ and partake of eternal life. "The Son of God becomes the Son of man, so that the son of man may become the son of God," says the Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons [15]. St. Athanasius the Great expressed the same idea even more succinctly: "He became man so that we might be deified [16]." St. Maximus the Confessor says: "The firm and sure foundation of hope for deification for human nature is the incarnation of God, which makes man a god to the extent that God Himself became man. For it is evident that he who has become man without sin can also deify nature (human) without being transformed into Divinity, having raised it to the extent that He Himself humbled Himself for man's sake." St. Maximus calls God "desiring salvation and hungering for deification" of people [17]. In His immeasurable love for man, Christ ascended Golgotha and endured death on the cross, which reconciled and reunited man with God. PG 13, 1397-1399 ^ Gregory the Theologian. Homily 45 [Vol. 1, pp. 675-676] ^ Gregoriou Nyssis erga. T. 1. Sel. 468-472 ^ Ibid. Sel. 478-482 ^ PG 59, 723-724 ^ Festive Menaion. pp. 540 ^ PL 158, 382–430 ^ The Long Christian Catechism. Moscow, 1894. P. 36 ^ See: Hieromonk Pavel (Cheremukhin). The Council of Constantinople of 1157 and Nicholas, Bishop of Methodo: BT No1. Moscow, 1960. P. 93 ^ Cyril of Jerusalem. Catechetical and Secret Teachings. Moscow, 1900. pp. 360 ^ hymn 24, 129-132 [SC 174, p. 236] ^ Catechetical Discourse 5, 413-432 [SC 96, 410-412] ^ Moral Discourse 1, 6, 57-121 [SC 122, 228-232] ^ Moral Discourse 2, 1, 160-163 [SC 122, 322] ^ PG 7, 873 ^ PG 25, 192B ^ PG 91, 1209B ^

Anthology of Holy Texts

If anyone says that Christ, as through a trumpet, passed through the Virgin, and was not formed in her together divine and human... if anyone says that in the Virgin man was formed and then gave way to God... if anyone believes in two sons, one from God and the Father, and the other from the Mother, and not the same... if someone says that in Christ the Divinity, as in the prophet, acted grace-filled, and is not essentially conjugated and conjugated... If anyone does not worship the Crucified One, then let him be anathema and let him be reckoned among the God-killers.St. Gregory the TheologianWhat is more humiliating for God than the image of a servant? What is more humble for the King of all than to voluntarily enter into close communion with our feeble nature? The King of kings and Lord of lords takes the form of a servant; The judge of all becomes a tributary of the rulers; The Lord of Creation... he does not find a place in an inn, but is placed in a manger without words; the pure and blameless one does not abhor the defilement of human nature, but, having passed through all the degrees of our misery, he finally undergoes death itself. Behold the greatness of His self-abasement; Life tastes death; The judge is led to the praetor; The Lord of all life is subject to the sentence of the judge; The King of all supermundane powers is delivered into the hands of executioners.St. Gregory of NyssaThus, we confess that our Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, is perfect God and perfect man, (consisting) of a rational soul and body, that He was born before the ages of the Father according to Divinity, and in the last times, for the sake of us and our salvation, of the Virgin Mary according to humanity; that He is of one essence with the Father in Divinity and of one essence with us in humanity, for (in Him) the union of the two natures was accomplished. That is why we confess one Christ, one Son, one Lord. On the basis of such an unmerged union, we confess the Most Holy Virgin to be the Mother of God, because God the Word became incarnate and became man, and in His very conception united with Himself the temple received from Her... God the Word descended from heaven to earth and, taking the form of a servant, exhausted Himself, and was called the Son of man, remaining what He was, that is, God.St. Cyril of AlexandriaThus, following the Holy Fathers, we all teach in agreement to confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, perfect in the Divinity, perfect in humanity, truly God, truly man, the same from the rational soul and body, consubstantial with the Father in divinity, and of the same consubstantiality with us in humanity, in all things like unto us, except sin, born before the ages of the Father according to divinity, and in the last days for our sake and for our salvation from Mary the Virgin Theotokos according to humanity, one and the same Christ, the Son, the Only-begotten Lord in two natures, unmerged, unchanging, inseparable, inseparably known, so that by union the distinction between the two natures is not in the least violated, all the more is the property of each nature preserved and united into one Person, one Hypostasis – not into two persons of the one who is split or divided, but one and the same Only-begotten Son, God the Word, the Lord Jesus Christ... Exposition of the Faith of the Council of ChalcedonWe affirm in one and the same Lord our Saviour Jesus Christ all the twofold, that is, we confess in Him two natures... We also confess that each of His natures has natural properties: the Divine has all the divine properties, the human has all the human properties, except only sin... Confessing two natures, two natural wills, and two natural actions in our one Lord Jesus Christ, we do not teach that they are contrary and hostile to each other... we do not teach that they are divided, as it were, into two persons or hypostases... St. Agathon, Pope of RomeAll people have an inherent desire... If man by nature has the faculty of desire, then the Lord by nature has the faculty of desire, not only because He is God, but also because He became man. For just as He took on our nature, so He also took on our will according to natural laws... "Having come," says the Holy Gospel, "to the place, he said, 'I thirst.' And they gave him wine mingled with gall, and having tasted, he would not drink" (Matt. 27:34; John 19:28-29). If, therefore, He thirsted like God, and when He had eaten, He did not want to drink, then He was subject to suffering as God, for both thirst and eating are suffering. But if He did not thirst as God, then certainly as a man, and had the faculty of desire, just like man... We affirm that in our Lord Jesus Christ there are also two actions... The power of miracles was the work of His Divinity, and the works of His hands and what He willed and said, "I will, be cleansed," were the work of His humanity. The breaking of the loaves and the fact that he heard the leper and what he said, "I will, be cleansed" was what was done by His human action, and the multiplication of the loaves and the cleansing of the leper was the work of the divine nature... St. John of DamascusThe flesh of the Lord, by reason of the purest union with the Word... was enriched by divine actions, in no way undergoing the deprivation of her natural attributes, for she performed divine actions not by her own power, but by reason of the Word united to her, since the Word manifested His power through her. For red-hot iron burns, possessing the power of burning not as a result of natural conditions, but acquiring it from its union with fire. Thus, one and the same flesh was both mortal in nature and life-giving because of its hypostatic union with the Word. In the same way we speak of the deification of the will, not in such a way that the natural motion has changed, but in such a way that it has been united with His divine and omnipotent will, and has become the will of the incarnate God. through Whom all things were brought into being, that which is in heaven and that which is on earth... Being such, and abiding in the Father, and having the Father abiding in Himself, not separating from Him and not leaving Him at all, He descended to earth and was incarnated of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, and became man, becoming... equal to us in all things, except sin, so that, having passed through all our things, we may recreate and renew that first man, and through him all those who are born and are being born, like their progenitor.St. Symeon the New TheologianCome, let us rejoice in the Lord, saying the real mystery: the center of the city is destroyed, the flaming weapon gives lashes, and the cherubim depart from the tree of life, and I partake of the food of paradise, from whom I was expelled for the sake of disobedience. For the unchangeable image of the Mother of God, the image of Him who bears Him, receives the form of a servant, having passed from the unadulterated Mother, having not endured change, for if He had remained, this God is true: and if He was not accepted, Man was for the sake of love for mankind. To him we cry out: Be born of a Virgin, O our God, have mercy on us. (Come, let us rejoice in the Lord, proclaiming today's sacrament: the barrier that stands in the middle has been broken, the flaming sword is turned back, and the cherubim departs from the tree of life, and I eat the food of paradise, which I was deprived of for disobedience. and he accepted what he was not - he became a Man out of love for mankind. Let us exclaim to Him: Thou who was born of a Virgin, O God, have mercy on us).Divine Service of the Nativity of Christ

Chapter VII: The Church

If anyone says that Christ, as through a trumpet, passed through the Virgin, and was not formed in her together divine and human... if anyone says that in the Virgin man was formed and then gave way to God... if anyone believes in two sons, one from God and the Father, and the other from the Mother, and not the same... if someone says that in Christ the Divinity, as in the prophet, acted grace-filled, and is not essentially conjugated and conjugated... If anyone does not worship the Crucified One, then let him be anathema and let him be reckoned among the God-killers.St. Gregory the TheologianWhat is more humiliating for God than the image of a servant? What is more humble for the King of all than to voluntarily enter into close communion with our feeble nature? The King of kings and Lord of lords takes the form of a servant; The judge of all becomes a tributary of the rulers; The Lord of Creation... he does not find a place in an inn, but is placed in a manger without words; the pure and blameless one does not abhor the defilement of human nature, but, having passed through all the degrees of our misery, he finally undergoes death itself. Behold the greatness of His self-abasement; Life tastes death; The judge is led to the praetor; The Lord of all life is subject to the sentence of the judge; The King of all supermundane powers is delivered into the hands of executioners.St. Gregory of NyssaThus, we confess that our Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, is perfect God and perfect man, (consisting) of a rational soul and body, that He was born before the ages of the Father according to Divinity, and in the last times, for the sake of us and our salvation, of the Virgin Mary according to humanity; that He is of one essence with the Father in Divinity and of one essence with us in humanity, for (in Him) the union of the two natures was accomplished. That is why we confess one Christ, one Son, one Lord. On the basis of such an unmerged union, we confess the Most Holy Virgin to be the Mother of God, because God the Word became incarnate and became man, and in His very conception united with Himself the temple received from Her... God the Word descended from heaven to earth and, taking the form of a servant, exhausted Himself, and was called the Son of man, remaining what He was, that is, God.St. Cyril of AlexandriaThus, following the Holy Fathers, we all teach in agreement to confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, perfect in the Divinity, perfect in humanity, truly God, truly man, the same from the rational soul and body, consubstantial with the Father in divinity, and of the same consubstantiality with us in humanity, in all things like unto us, except sin, born before the ages of the Father according to divinity, and in the last days for our sake and for our salvation from Mary the Virgin Theotokos according to humanity, one and the same Christ, the Son, the Only-begotten Lord in two natures, unmerged, unchanging, inseparable, inseparably known, so that by union the distinction between the two natures is not in the least violated, all the more is the property of each nature preserved and united into one Person, one Hypostasis – not into two persons of the one who is split or divided, but one and the same Only-begotten Son, God the Word, the Lord Jesus Christ... Exposition of the Faith of the Council of ChalcedonWe affirm in one and the same Lord our Saviour Jesus Christ all the twofold, that is, we confess in Him two natures... We also confess that each of His natures has natural properties: the Divine has all the divine properties, the human has all the human properties, except only sin... Confessing two natures, two natural wills, and two natural actions in our one Lord Jesus Christ, we do not teach that they are contrary and hostile to each other... we do not teach that they are divided, as it were, into two persons or hypostases... St. Agathon, Pope of RomeAll people have an inherent desire... If man by nature has the faculty of desire, then the Lord by nature has the faculty of desire, not only because He is God, but also because He became man. For just as He took on our nature, so He also took on our will according to natural laws... "Having come," says the Holy Gospel, "to the place, he said, 'I thirst.' And they gave him wine mingled with gall, and having tasted, he would not drink" (Matt. 27:34; John 19:28-29). If, therefore, He thirsted like God, and when He had eaten, He did not want to drink, then He was subject to suffering as God, for both thirst and eating are suffering. But if He did not thirst as God, then certainly as a man, and had the faculty of desire, just like man... We affirm that in our Lord Jesus Christ there are also two actions... The power of miracles was the work of His Divinity, and the works of His hands and what He willed and said, "I will, be cleansed," were the work of His humanity. The breaking of the loaves and the fact that he heard the leper and what he said, "I will, be cleansed" was what was done by His human action, and the multiplication of the loaves and the cleansing of the leper was the work of the divine nature... St. John of DamascusThe flesh of the Lord, by reason of the purest union with the Word... was enriched by divine actions, in no way undergoing the deprivation of her natural attributes, for she performed divine actions not by her own power, but by reason of the Word united to her, since the Word manifested His power through her. For red-hot iron burns, possessing the power of burning not as a result of natural conditions, but acquiring it from its union with fire. Thus, one and the same flesh was both mortal in nature and life-giving because of its hypostatic union with the Word. In the same way we speak of the deification of the will, not in such a way that the natural motion has changed, but in such a way that it has been united with His divine and omnipotent will, and has become the will of the incarnate God. through Whom all things were brought into being, that which is in heaven and that which is on earth... Being such, and abiding in the Father, and having the Father abiding in Himself, not separating from Him and not leaving Him at all, He descended to earth and was incarnated of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, and became man, becoming... equal to us in all things, except sin, so that, having passed through all our things, we may recreate and renew that first man, and through him all those who are born and are being born, like their progenitor.St. Symeon the New TheologianCome, let us rejoice in the Lord, saying the real mystery: the center of the city is destroyed, the flaming weapon gives lashes, and the cherubim depart from the tree of life, and I partake of the food of paradise, from whom I was expelled for the sake of disobedience. For the unchangeable image of the Mother of God, the image of Him who bears Him, receives the form of a servant, having passed from the unadulterated Mother, having not endured change, for if He had remained, this God is true: and if He was not accepted, Man was for the sake of love for mankind. To him we cry out: Be born of a Virgin, O our God, have mercy on us. (Come, let us rejoice in the Lord, proclaiming today's sacrament: the barrier that stands in the middle has been broken, the flaming sword is turned back, and the cherubim departs from the tree of life, and I eat the food of paradise, which I was deprived of for disobedience. and he accepted what he was not - he became a Man out of love for mankind. Let us exclaim to Him: Thou who was born of a Virgin, O God, have mercy on us).Divine Service of the Nativity of Christ

The Kingdom of Christ

"There is no Christianity without the Church," wrote Archbishop Hilarion (Troitsky), one of the many Russian New Martyrs, at the beginning of the 20th century. The Church is the Kingdom of Christ, bought at the price of His blood, the Kingdom into which He leads those whom He has chosen as His children and who have chosen Him as their Saviour.The initial moment of the Church's existence on earth is considered to be the conversation of Jesus Christ with His disciples in Caesarea Philippi, when Peter, on behalf of the other apostles, confessed Him to be the Son of God, to which the Saviour answered: "Blessed art thou, Simon son of Jonah, for flesh and blood has not revealed it to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I say unto thee, Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it" (Matt. 16:17-18). However, in the proper sense, the cornerstone of the Church is Christ Himself: the Apostle Peter speaks of Christ as the cornerstone of the Church: "Approaching Him, a living stone, rejected by men, but chosen by God, precious, and yourselves, as living stones, build yourselves a spiritual house, a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. For it is said in the Scriptures, Behold, I set in Zion a cornerstone, a chosen one, a precious one; and he that believeth in him shall not be ashamed" (1 Pet. 2:4-6). Thus, faith in Christ is the rock that becomes the foundation of the spiritual edifice, the name of which is the Church. The Apostle Paul speaks of the same thing: "Ye are therefore no longer strangers and strangers, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God, having been established upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, having Jesus Christ Himself as the cornerstone, on which the whole edifice, being assembled in order, groweth up into a holy temple in the Lord, upon which ye also are built up into the habitation of God in the Spirit" (Ephesians 2:19-22). In his Epistle to the Corinthians, the Apostle Paul calls the Corinthian community a "building," a "builder," and the "foundation" (foundation) of Christ: "For no one can lay any other foundation than that which is laid, which is Christ" (1 Cor. 3:11). The Christian church is an assembly of those who are called by Christ, who believe in Him and live by Him. But the Church is not just a society or a community of people united by faith in Christ, not just a sum of individuals. Gathered together, the members of the Church constitute one body, an indivisible organism: "Humanity, reunited with its divinity in Christ, is the Church, the living body of the divine Logos, incarnate... in the divine-human person of Jesus Christ, writes Vl. Solovyov. - This body of Christ, which at first appeared as a small embryo, in the form of a small community of the first Christians, gradually grows and develops, so that at the end of time it embraces all mankind and all nature in one universal divine-human organism [2]."The name of the Church as the body of Christ belongs to the Apostle Paul: "... We have all been baptized into one body by one Spirit, Jew or Greek, slave or free, and all are drunk with one Spirit... And ye are the body of Christ, and members individually" (1 Cor. 12:13, 27). Through the sacraments, especially through the communion of the Body and Blood of Christ in the Eucharistic bread and wine, we are united with Him and become one body in Him: "One bread, and we many are one body, for we all partake of one bread" (1 Cor. 10:17). The Church is the Eucharistic body of Christ: the Eucharist unites us with Him and with each other. And the closer we are to God, the closer we are to each other, the fuller the love for Christ, the stronger the love for our neighbor. By reuniting with God through life in the sacraments, we are reunited with each other, overcome our usual disunity and alienation, and become members of an indivisible organism, bound together by the union of love.The Old Testament prototype of the Church was the people of Israel, chosen by God and separated from other nations. The signs of belonging to the old Israel were nationality and circumcision, to the new Israel-Church - faith in Christ and Baptism. The old Israel was a regiment led by God the Leader, the new Israel is a flock led by Christ the Shepherd (cf. 1 Pet. 5:1-2). The old Israel wandered in the wilderness in anticipation of the promised land, the new Israel wanders in the promised land in anticipation and anticipation of the Kingdom of Heaven, which will be revealed in its entirety only after the "end of the age", that is, in the future life, but which already now begins for people in the Church. Archbishop Hilarion (Troitsky). There is no Christianity without the Church. Montreal, 1986. P. 3 ^ Vl. Solovyov. Spiritual foundations of life. Paris, 1926. P. 129 ^

Heaven on Earth

"Церковь есть земное небо, где небесный Бог живет и движется", - говорит святитель Герман, патриарх Константинопольский [1]. В Церкви реально и ощутимо присутствует Бог. Мы веруем, что Христос, возносясь на небо после Своего Воскресения, не покинул учеников, но неизреченным образом остался среди них, "никакоже отлучаяся, но пребывая неотступный" (кондак праздника Вознесения Господня). Его обещание "Я с вами во все дни до скончания века" (Мф. 28:20) исполняется в Церкви, которую Он основал как место, где Он встречается и общается с людьми. Вместе с Христом в Церкви невидимо присутствуют Божия Матерь, множество ангелов и святых, участвующих в службе наравне с людьми. Церковь небесная, состоящая из ангелов и усопших, и Церковь странствующая, состоящая из живых людей, объединены в одно Христово тело - единое и неделимое.Бывает иногда, что люди, впервые посетившие православное богослужение или даже случайно оказавшиеся в пустом храме, ощущают чье-то невидимое присутствие. Епископ Диоклийский Каллист так рассказывает о своем первом соприкосновении с Православием: "Почему я, англичанин, принадлежу к Православной Церкви? Все это началось одним воскресным вечером, когда я еще был школьником. Не имея ясного представления, куда я иду, я случайно вошел в русскую православную церковь в Лондоне... Там было темно. Первое, что я заметил, это широкое пространство полированного пола и ни одной скамьи, только несколько стульев. Церковь выглядела пустой. Затем я услышал маленький хор, который был где-то вне поля зрения. Я смог также увидеть несколько служителей, в большинстве пожилых, стоящих за стеной с множеством икон. Но первое ощущение пустоты, почти отсутствия, вдруг сменилось каким-то безграничным чувством полноты. Я чувствовал не отсутствие, но присутствие - присутствие бесчисленного множества невидимых служителей. Я понял, что это маленькое собрание есть часть какого-то действия, которое намного больше, чем оно, действия, которое не началось с началом службы и не прекратится, когда она закончится. Я не мог понять ни одного слова службы, так как все шло на славянском языке. Но я знал, что, пользуясь выражением из великопостной Литургии Преждеосвященных Даров, "ныне силы небесные с нами невидимо служат". Много лет спустя я читал рассказ о князе Владимире, содержащийся в "Повести временных лет", и дошел до того места, где русские послы описывали Литургию, на которой они присутствовали в Константинополе. "Мы не знали, где мы находились - на небе или на земле, - говорили они. - Мы не можем описать это тебе, но одно только мы знаем точно, что Бог живет там среди людей. Мы не можем забыть эту красоту". И я не забуду потрясения от прочитанных слов, потому что в них я с точностью узнал свой собственный опыт. Та вечерняя служба, в которой я принял участие... может быть, была лишена внешнего великолепия Византии X века, но, подобно русским послам, я тоже ощутил "небо на земле", незримую красоту Царства Божьего, непосредственное присутствие сонма святых [2]".О том, что в Церкви во время богослужения присутствуют Богородица и ангелы, имеется множество свидетельств в Священном Предании. Так, например, святой Андрей Юродивый, живший в Константинополе в X веке, однажды во время службы видел Божию Матерь, покрывающую народ Своим омофором. Преподобному Сергию Радонежскому ангел сослужил во время Литургии. Существует и такое древнее сказание: епископ с диаконом, путешествуя, набрели на полуразрушенную церковь, находившуюся вдалеке от населенных мест, и захотели совершить там Литургию. И когда они в пустом храме начали службу и диакон произнес: "Миром Господу помолимся", они вдруг услышали невидимый хор, который ответил: "Господи, помилуй". Пение ангелов сопровождало всю службу... Случается и в наши дни, что священник в силу каких-то обстоятельств вынужден совершать службу один, без прихожан: есть ведь такие приходы, где людей так мало, что иногда на службе присутствуют два-три человека, а иногда и ни одного. И, хотя чин Литургии не предусматривает подобных ситуаций и предполагается, что в службе участвует собрание людей, все же и в таком случае священник не одинок, потому что ангелы, а также святые и усопшие вместе с ним приносят бескровную жертву. St Germanus of Constantinople. On the Divine Liturgy (the Greek text with English translation). New York, 1984. Р. 56 ^ Bishop Kallistos Ware. Why I am an Orthodox // The Tablet, 16 February 1985. P. 159 ^

Свойства Церкви

Слова Никео-Цареградского Символа "Верую... во Едину, Святую, Cоборную и Апостольскую Церковь" определяют свойства Церкви как богочеловеческого организма.Церковь едина, ибо создана по образу Святой Троицы и являет собой тайну сущностного единства при ипостасном различии: она состоит из множества отдельных личностей-ипостасей, скрепленных единством веры и таинств. По слову апостола Павла, "одно тело и один дух... один Господь, одна вера, одно крещение, один Бог и Отец всех, Который над всеми, и через всех, и во всех нас" (Еф. 4:4-6). Об этом единстве всех христиан молился Иисус на Тайной вечери: "Отче святый! Соблюди их во имя Твое, тех, которых Ты Мне дал, чтобы они были едино, как и Мы... Не о них же только молю, но и о верующих в Меня по слову их - да будут все едино: как Ты, Отче, во Мне, и Я в Тебе, так и они да будут в Нас едино" (Ин. 17:11-21). Любовь трех Лиц Святой Троицы отображена в единстве Церкви. "На земле нет единства, с которым можно было бы сравнить единство церковное; такое единство нашлось только на небе, - пишет архиепископ Иларион (Троицкий). - На небе несравненная любовь Отца, Сына и Духа Святого соединяет три Лица в единое Существо, так что уже не три Бога, но один Бог, живущий триединой жизнью... Люди, вступившие в Церковь и возлюбившие друг друга, подобны трем Лицам Пресвятой Троицы [1]".О святости Церкви говорит апостол Павел, сравнивая Христа с женихом, а Церковь с невестой: "Христос возлюбил Церковь и предал Себя за нее, чтобы освятить ее... чтобы представить ее себе славною Церковью, не имеющею пятна или порока или чего-либо подобного, но дабы она была свята и непорочна" (Еф. 5:23-27). Святость Церкви обусловлена не только святостью Христа как ее главы, но и святостью, к которой призваны все ее члены: апостолы в своих посланиях часто называет христиан "святыми", подразумевая, что святость - не недосягаемый идеал, но норма для членов Церкви. К святости призван каждый христианин, и во все эпохи в Церкви есть истинные святые, однако таких святых, превзошедших грех и страсти, очень мало. Большинство христиан - грешники, являющиеся членами Церкви не в силу достигнутой святости, но в силу своего стремления к ней и покаяния. Задача Церкви и заключается в том, чтобы освящать их и приводить к Богу. В этом смысле о христианах говорится, что они находятся in patria et in via - в отечестве и в пути, то есть одновременно внутри Церкви и еще на пути к ней.Славянский термин "соборная" является не совсем адекватным воспроизведением греческого katholike (кафолическая), что значит "всеобщая", то есть объединяющая христиан, рассеянных по всему миру, а также всех святых и усопших. Как говорит святитель Кирилл Иерусалимский, "Церковь называется соборной потому, что во всеобщности и без всякого опущения преподает все, что должно входить в состав человеческого знания - догматы о видимом и невидимом, о небесном и земном. ..[2]"Апостольство Церкви заключается в том, что она основана апостолами, сохраняет верность их учению, имеет преемство от них и продолжает их служение на земле. О том, что Церковь создана "на основании апостолов и пророков", говорит апостол Павел (Еф. 2:20). Под апостольским преемством понимается непрерывная цепь рукоположений (т.е. посвящений в сан епископа), идущая от апостолов до сегодняшних епископов: апостолы рукоположили первое поколение епископов, те в свою очередь рукополагали второе поколение, и так до наших дней. Христианские общины, где это преемство прервалось, признаются отпавшими от Церкви до тех пор, пока оно не будет восстановлено. Епископы продолжают миссию апостолов на земле - миссию служения, проповеди, руководства существующими церковными общинами и основания новых общин. Не только епископы и священники, но каждый член Церкви призван к апостольскому, миссионерскому служению, к проповеди Христа словом и делом: "Идите, научите все народы, крестя их во имя Отца и Сына и Святого Духа" (Мф. 28:19).Миссия, возложенная Христом на апостолов и их преемников, в наше время далека от завершения. Еще существуют на земле многие народы, которых почти не коснулась проповедь Христа, огромные регионы, где евангельское слово едва слышно. Некоторые страны, когда-то бывшие христианскими, ныне опять возвратились к язычеству и неверию, и они требуют новой проповеди, новых апостолов... 1000 лет назад равноапостольный князь Владимир крестил Русь, и с этого момента начался долгий многовековой путь постепенного искоренения язычества и насаждения христианства. К XV веку, благодаря трудам и подвигам продолжателей апостольского дела страна превратилась в ту Святую Русь, о которой мы читаем в летописях, где каждый человек - и старый, и малый - знал учение Христа, ходил в Церковь, где даже грамоте учили не иначе как по Псалтири. Но в последующие века появились тенденции, приведшие к духовному кризису, следствием которого была катастрофа 1917 года и семьдесят лет "вавилонского пленения", когда силы ада хотели окончательно уничтожить всякую память о Христе и вытравить Бога из сердец людей. И страна снова превратилась в языческую, и люди снова оказались "сидящими во тьме" и ожидающими света (Ис. 59:9). И снова перед христианами, особенно перед пастырями, преемниками апостолов, стоит та же задача, что стояла перед князем Владимиром 1000 лет назад, перед апостолами 2000 лет назад - проповедовать Евангелие и крестить во имя Отца и Сына и Святого Духа, сокрушать идолов и на месте их воздвигать храмы Христа. Идолы на наших глазах сокрушились с невиданной силой, но воздвигнуть на освободившемся месте духовные храмы, заполнить образовавшийся вакуум истинной верой еще предстоит. И от того, справится ли Церковь с этой миссией, найдутся ли сегодня люди, равные апостолам в вере, ревности о Боге, любви к Христу и к народу Божьему, зависит духовное будущее России...Апостольская община окончательно осознала себя Церковью в момент Пятидесятницы, когда на апостолов сошел Святой Дух в виде огненных языков и они получили силу к проповеди Евангелия "всем народам". Тропарь праздника Пятидесятницы раскрывает смысл этого события: "Егда снисшед языки слия, разделяше языки Вышний, егда же огненныя языки раздаяше, в соединение вся призва, и согласно славим Всесвятаго Духа". Здесь содержится напоминание о вавилонском столпотворении, когда Бог, увидев безумие людей, вознамерившихся построить башню до небес, сошел и смешал их языки, чтобы они перестали понимать друг друга и прекратили строительство столпа, который все равно рухнул бы и похоронил их всех под своими обломками (Быт. 11:1-9). Разрушенное по вине людей единство человеческого рода восстанавливается в Церкви, где нет различия по национальному и языковому признаку, но всем дается "новый язык" - язык веры и молитвы, единомыслия и любви. Всякий раз, когда вавилонская башня рушится (а она вновь и вновь рушится на протяжении всей истории), происходит "смешение языков", обостряются противоречия между нациями, возрастает непонимание и недоверие. И только Святой Дух, который есть "Дух премудрости и разума, Дух совета и крепости, Дух ведения и благочестия" (Ис. 11:2), Который живет и действует в Церкви, может примирить всех, призвать к соединению и согласию. Архиепископ Иларион (Троицкий). Христианства нет без Церкви. Сс. 15-16 ^ Кирилл Иерусалимский. Cлово огласительное 18, 23[Творения. М., 1855. С. 340] ^

Церковная иерархия

В Древнем Израиле священниками могли становиться только лица, принадлежащие по рождению к колену Левия: для всех остальных священство оказывалось недоступным. Левиты были посвященными, избранными для служения Богу - они одни имели право приносить жертвы, воскурять фимиам, возносить молитвы и петь в храме; участие народа в богослужении сводилось к пассивному присутствию. Но ветхозаветные жертвы, как говорит апостол Павел, не могли избавить человечество от рабства греху: "Невозможно, чтобы кровь тельцов и козлов уничтожала грехи... Всякий священник ежедневно стоит в служении и многократно приносит одни и те же жертвы, которые никогда не могут истребить грехов" (Евр. 10:4-11). Поэтому Христос принес в жертву Самого Себя, чтобы раз и навсегда избавить человечество от рабства диаволу: "Освящены мы единократным принесением тела Иисуса Христа... Он... принесши одну жертву за грехи, навсегда воссел одесную Бога... Он одним принесением навсегда соделал совершенными освящаемых" (Евр. 10:10-14).Христос стал одновременно и Священником, и Жертвой. Не принадлежа по рождению к колену Левия, Он стал единым истинным "Первосвященником во век по чину Мелхиседека" (Пс. 109:4). Мелхиседек, некогда встретивший Авраама, принесший хлеб и вино и благословивший его, - священник "без отца, без матери, без родословия, не имеющий ни начала дней, ни конца жизни" (Евр. 7:3) - был ветхозаветным прообразом Христа. Отдав Свое Тело на смерть и пролив Кровь за людей, преподав в таинстве Евхаристии это Тело и эту Кровь верным под видом хлеба и вина, создав Свою Церковь, которая стала Новым Израилем, Христос упразднил ветхозаветную церковь с ее жертвами и левитским священством, снял завесу, отделявшую Святое святых от людей, разрушил непреодолимую стену между сакральным левитством и профанным народом. В Церкви Христовой все люди являются "царями и священниками" (Апок. 1:6), все вводятся во Святое святых, все становятся "родом избранным": "И вы сами, как живые камни, устрояйте из себя дом духовный, священство святое, чтобы приносить духовные жертвы... Вы род избранный, царственное священство, народ святой, люди, взятые в удел, чтобы возвещать совершенства призвавшего вас из тьмы в чудный Свой свет; некогда не народ, а ныне народ Божий, некогда непомилованные, а ныне помилованы" (1 Пет. 2:5-10).Учение о царственном священстве всех христиан выражено в Новом Завете с достаточной ясностью. И вместе тем уже в апостольские времена в Церкви существовало иерархическое священство, то есть особые люди, избранные для служения Евхаристии и предстоятельства над народом. В Деяниях говорится об избрании семи диаконов (греч. diakonos означает "слуга") и посвящении их на служение (Деян. 6:6). Проповедуя в различных городах Римской империи, апостолы основывали там христианские общины и рукополагали епископов (греч. episkopos - букв. "посетитель", "блюститель") и пресвитеров (греч. presbyteros - букв. "старший") для возглавления этих общин. Служение епископов, пресвитеров и диаконов было служением предстоятельства, учительства и духовного руководства, обусловленное различием служений всех членов Церкви, составляющей единый организм: как в человеческом теле каждый член выполняет свою функцию, так и у членов Церкви различные служения. "Дары различны, но Дух один и тот же; и служения различны, а Господь один и тот же; и действия различны, а Бог один и тот же, производящий все во всех... И иных Бог поставил в Церкви во-первых апостолами, во-вторых пророками, в третьих учителями", - говорит апостол Павел (1 Кор. 12:4-28).Иерархическое священство существует в Церкви именно благодаря всеобщему царственному священству всех христиан. Священник, имеющий рукоположение, но по каким-либо причинам отделившийся или отделенный от Церкви, оказавшийся вне ее организма, выпавший из царственного священства народа Божьего, теряет свои священнические права. Внутри Церкви иерархическое священство неразрывно связано с народом Божьим - и одно не может существовать без другого: как община не может быть Церковью без священника, так и священник не может быть таковым без общины. Священник ни в каком случае не является единоличным совершителем таинств: все таинства совершаются им при участии народа, вместе с народом и с согласия народа. Чин Литургии наглядно показывает, что предстоятель священнодействует от лица народа и участие народа в служении не является пассивным. Каждый возглас священника запечатлевается словом "аминь" (евр. "истинно"), произносимым народом (чин Литургии не знает понятия "хор", а только понятие "народ"; в нашей богослужебной практике хор как бы олицетворяет народ), каждое благословение священника сопровождается ответным благословением народа. Священник и народ равны: "Мир всем", - говорит священник; "И духови твоему", - отвечает народ; "Благодать со всеми вами", - говорит священник; "И со духом твоим", - отвечает народ. В некоторых случаях сам священник просит благословения у народа: "Благословите, отцы святые и братия, и простите мне, грешному...", на что народ отвечает: "Бог да простит тебя" (чин полунощницы). В древней Церкви рукоположение священника и епископа совершалось с согласия народа, причем, как правило, в эти степени возводились лица, избранные народом: в чине рукоположения до сих пор сохраняется возглас народа "аксиос" (греч. "достоин"), выражающий одобрение посвящяемому.В Церкви существует три иерархических степени: епископы, священники и диаконы. Епископы возглавляют церковные области - епархии, состоящие из какого-то количества приходов. Священники возглавляют отдельные приходы - храмы. Диаконы помогают священникам и епископам при совершении Литургии.Трехстепенная иерархия существует в Церкви с глубокой древности, хотя, вероятно, не с самого момента ее основания. В посланиях апостолов мы не видим четкого различия между епископами и пресвитерами - оба термина чаще всего употребляются как синонимы: "Для того я оставил тебя в Крите, - пишет апостол Павел Титу, - чтобы ты довершил недоконченное и поставил по городам пресвитеров, как я тебе приказывал, если кто непорочен, муж одной жены, детей имеет верных... Ибо епископ должен быть непорочен, как Божий домостроитель" (Тит. 1:5-7). Во времена апостолов еще не было различия между епархией и приходом, так как церковная община, будь то на Крите, в Эфесе или в Риме, включала в себя всех верных этого города (или страны) и являлась "поместной" Церковью (т.е. Церковью этого "места" [1]).Но по мере расширения Церкви возникла необходимость в старших пресвитерах, возглавлявших общины одного округа и обладавших правом рукополагать пресвитеров в эти общины. Уже во II веке священномученик Игнаний Богоносец ясно указывает на епископа как возглавителя Церкви и пресвитеров как его сослужителей, находящихся в полном единомыслии с ним и подчиняющихся ему: "Пресвитерство так согласно с епископом, как струны в цитре [2]". Повинуясь епископу, пресвитеры повинуются Самому Христу в его лице. Для святого Игнатия епископ олицетворяет всю полноту Церкви, и несогласие с ним означает разрыв с Церковью. К иерархии нужно относиться с уважением: "Все почитайте диаконов как заповедь Иисуса Христа, а епископов как (самого) Иисуса Христа... пресвитеров же как собрание Божие, как сонм апостолов. Без них нет Церкви [3]".По учению Церкви, нравственное несовершенство того или иного священнослужителя не влияет на действенность таинств, совершенных им, потому что при совершении таинств он является лишь орудием Бога. Сам Христос крестит людей, Сам совершает Евхаристию и причащает их, Сам в таинстве исповеди отпускает им грехи. Священник в чине исповеди говорит кающемуся: "Вот, Христос невидимо стоит, принимая исповедь твою... я же только свидетель, чтобы свидетельствовать перед Ним все, что ты скажешь". Однако, если Христос по Своему безграничному милосердию терпит недостойных и порочных служителей в Церкви, как Он терпел Иуду среди апостолов, это не оправдывает самих священнослужителей, носящих сан не по праву. Будучи орудием, свидетелем и служителем Бога, священник должен быть, насколько возможно, чист, непорочен и непричастен греху. Нравственное несовершенство клириков, грехи и пороки духовенства всегда были болезнью и бедой Церкви, так как они, хотя и не влияют на действенность таинств, тем не менее подтачивают авторитет Церкви в глазах людей, разрушают веру в Бога. Чаще всего о Боге судят по его служителям, что вполне естественно, так как священник является образом Христа. И как горько иногда человеку увидеть в священнике вместо сочувствия равнодушие, вместо любви неприязнь, вместо нравственной чистоты распущенность, вместо честности лицемерие. От человека, на груди которого крест с изображением Христа, распятого за людей, ждут такого же сострадания и такой же любви, как от Самого Христа. "Будь образцом для верных в слове, в жизни, в любви, в духе, в вере, в чистоте", - говорит апостол Павел Тимофею, которого он рукоположил в сан епископа (1 Тим. 4:12). У св. Климента Римского (I в.) еще нет различия между епископами и пресвитерами - он упоминает только о епископах и диаконах. Cм. 1-е Послание к Коринфянам 42 [Ранние Отцы Церкви. Брюссель, 1988. С. 69] ^ Послание к Ефесянам 4 [Ранние Отцы Церкви. С. 103] ^ Послание к Траллицйам 3 [Там же. С. 118] ^