St. Tikhon of Zadonsk and His Teaching on Salvation

Efimov's notes served as a model for the compilation of memoirs by another cell-attendant of St. Tikhon, V.I. Chebotarev. His notes are similar to Yefimov's notes both in form and in style of presentation, only their character is somewhat different. If Yefimov emphasizes more supernatural phenomena in the life of the saint, dwells on the description of the grace-filled visions of the holy father and on the mysterious omens of his future glory, then Chebotarev seeks to capture his external feats and instructions and reminds several times that he is conveying the words of the bishop himself [5]. In addition, Chebotarev supplemented his personal memoirs of St. Tikhon with information about him from other people close to him, for example, the Zadonsk schema-monk Mitrophan, a resident of the city of Yelets K.I. Studenikin, the novice N.A. Bekhteev, and others.

These notes were fully used by the prominent scholar and historian Archpriest Evfimy Bolkhovitinov, inspector of the Voronezh Seminary (later Metropolitan Yevgeny of Kiev) [6] in his work "A Complete Description of the Life of His Grace Tikhon, Formerly of Kexholm and Ladoga and Vicar of Novgorod, and then Bishop of Voronezh and Yeletsk, Collected from Oral Traditions and Notes of Obvious Witnesses, with Some Historical Information Relating to the Novgorod and Voronezh hierarchy, published especially for lovers and admirers of the memory of this Bishop" [7], published in St. Petersburg in 1796, i.e. 13 years after the repose of the saint.

It was I. Efimov and V. Chebotarev who served as "obvious witnesses" for Archpriest E. Bolkhovitinov. But Archpriest Evfimy did not limit himself to their notes. With great zeal he also collected other materials, sending inquiries to all who personally knew the deceased saint, and in 1820 the second edition of his "Description" was published, corrected and supplemented. This biography was the only one for a long time and was published more than ten times. The work of Metropolitan Eugene serves as the best guide for all researchers of the life and work of St. Tikhon.

After the glorification of the Voronezh saint in 1861, interest in his holy personality increased significantly. In the same year, N.V. Elagin (without indicating the name of the author) published "The Life of Our Father Tikhon, Bishop of Voronezh, Zadonsk the Wonderworker" [8]. The popularity of this "Life" is evidenced by the fact that it was reprinted 12 times. There is reason to believe that its author was Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy P.S. Kazansky. Firstly, because this work is mentioned in the list of literary works of this professor[9]. Secondly, P.S. Kazansky himself speaks of him in his correspondence with his brother, Archbishop Platon of Kostroma and the publisher of the "Selected Lives of the Saints" A.N. Bakhmetyeva [10]. The author in his work, in addition to the primary sources common to all the biographies of the saint, used some archival data.

In addition, while working on the work, he used all the material known at that time and available to him, so, according to the priest T. Popov, "the numerous lives of many authors and publishers that appeared in print after the works of P.S. Kazansky did not give anything new in literature in comparison with the material that was given before their appearance" [11].

Of the other biographies, the most complete and detailed are the work of Archpriest A. Lebedev "St. Tikhon of Zadonsk and All Russia the Wonderworker" [12], published in 1865, and in 1898 (in Moscow) by N. Sergievsky "St. Tikhon, Bishop of Voronezh and Zadonsk, and the Wonderworker of All Russia". Both of these authors strive to reveal the inner podvig of St. Tikhon, to show, along with the simplicity of his way of life, the depth and height of his asceticism, to prove that the image of the saint serves as an example for every Christian to follow at the present time.

Of great interest is also the description of the life of St. Tikhon, made in the first part of the master's thesis of the priest T. Popov, "St. Tikhon of Zadonsk and His Moral Teaching" (Moscow, 1916). Giving an overview of all the available literature on the saint, the author concludes: "There is no lack of historical material for a complete and comprehensive biography. But there is no biography that would spiritualize all this material, concentrating all this material, scattered in sources and fragmented into parts in studies of various names, into one whole and around a single idea - the representation of the inseparable image of a living personality" [13]. Priest T. Popov in his work managed to concentrate all the material available to him, but it is difficult to talk about the spirituality of this biography. It is quite possible that such an impression arises due to the lack of a clear plan in it.

In the second part of his work, Priest T. Popov analyzes the writings of St. Tikhon, examining them as monuments of Christian moral teaching. In his reasoning, the author does not always clearly connect the previous thought with the next, why each chapter and the entire work as a whole are devoid of integrity, completeness and are difficult to read.

Other articles and studies are also used in this work. In 1862, in the "Additions to the Works of the Holy Fathers" there was published an article by Professor P.S. Kazansky "The Works of St. Tikhon I, Bishop of Voronezh, on the Administration of the Voronezh Flock" [14]. On the basis of archival material, the author writes about the activities of the saint at the Voronezh cathedra.

In 1898, M.N. Rudnev published in Tula "Resolutions and Orders of St. Tikhon, Bishop of Voronezh and Yeletsk, on the Archival Documents of the Tula Ecclesiastical Consistory". The brochure speaks of the orders of the saint regarding matters concerning the churches of the city of Yefremov and the district [15].

Articles by Archpriest E. Ovsyannikov "St. Tikhon as a Benefactor of Church Life and an Activist in the Struggle against the Old Believers' Schism in the Don Ukraine" [16] and M. Bylov's "Schism in the Voronezh Diocese under Bishop Tikhon I (the Holy Hierarch)" [17], which are based on archival data, answer the following questions: where and to what extent the schism spread in the Voronezh diocese under St. Tikhon, what was the essence of schismatic errors, what the local clergy, headed by Bishop Tikhon, did to combat the schism, and what were the results of this struggle. In addition, Archpriest E. Ovsyannikov in his article sets the task of revealing the ecclesiastical organizational activity of St. Tikhon in the area of the Don Army.

A lot of archival data is contained in two works by P.V. Nikolsky, chairman of the Voronezh Church Historical and Archaeological Committee: "Monasticism on the Don" (Voronezh, 1909), where the life and work of St. Tikhon Tikhon is considered in a separate chapter, and "On the Relationship of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk to the Parish Clergy" [18].

During the writing of the dissertation, we made repeated attempts to find and work out the handwritten decrees and resolutions of St. Tikhon. However, in the archival repositories of Moscow, Leningrad and Voronezh, these documents, with rare exceptions, could not be found.

Special mention should be made of the activities of the Voronezh Church Historical and Archaeological Committee, which in the pages of its journal "Voronezh Antiquity" systematically published materials relating to the life and work of St. Tikhon. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the glorification of the Zadonsk Wonderworker, the members of the Committee decided to publish a special jubilee collection dedicated to the memory of the saint, and for this purpose they set themselves the goal of "going with a pilgrimage staff to all the areas where St. Tikhon lived, worked, prayed and died, and to collect together all the material monuments of his life" [19].