The Evangelist or the Commentary of Blessed Theophylact, Archbishop of Bulgaria, on the Holy Gospel

Потом ходил по окрестным селениям и учил. И, призвав двенадцать, начал посылать их по два, и дал им власть над нечистыми духами. И заповедал им ничего не брать в дорогу, кроме одного посоха: ни сумы, ни хлеба, ни меди в поясе, но обуваться в простую обувь и не носить двух одежд. И сказал им: если где войдете в дом, оставайтесь в нем, доколе не выйдете из того места. И если кто не примет вас и не будет слушать вас, то, выходя оттуда, отрясите прах от ног ваших, во свидетельство на них. Истинно говорю вам: отраднее будет Содому и Гоморре в день суда, нежели тому городу.

Господь учил не в одних городах, но и в весях, дабы мы знали, что и нам не должно ни пренебрегать малыми городами, ни постоянно посещать большие города, но что должно сеять слово и в незначительных местечках. Далее, не только Сам Он учил, но и посылает учеников Своих, притом по два, дабы они были смелее. Иначе если бы Он послал их по одному, то один не так бы смело мог действовать, а если бы послал более чем по два, то числа апостолов не достало бы для всех селений. Итак, посылает по два: «Двоим лучше, нежели одному», – говорит Екклесиаст (4, 9). Заповедует им ничего не брать – ни сумы, ни денег при поясе, ни хлеба, чтобы таким образом научить их нестяжательности и чтобы другие, взирая на них, умилялись, когда они будут научать нестяжательности тем, что сами ничего не имеют. В самом деле, кто не умилится и не подвигнется к нестяжательности, видя, что апостол не берет ни сумы, ни хлеба, который всего нужнее для нас? Велит им пребывать в одном доме, дабы не подумали о них, что они переменят места ради чревоугодия, бродя от одних к другим. У тех, кои не примут их, они должны были, по словам Господа, отрясти пыль с ног своих в знак того, что они совершили далекий путь ради их и, однако, без пользы для них, или в знак того, что они ничего не взяли у них, самой даже пыли, что, напротив, и ее отрясли, дабы это обратилось во свидетельство им, то есть в обличение. «Истинно говорю вам, отраднее будет Содому и Гоморре в день суда» нежели тем, которые не примут вас. Ибо содомляне, быв наказаны здесь, там будут наказаны легче; притом апостолы не были посылаемы к ним. Напротив, непринявшие апостолов будут терпеть муки тягчайшие тех.

Они пошли и проповедывали покаяние; изгоняли многих бесов и многих больных мазали маслом и исцеляли.

О том, что апостолы помазывали маслом, говорит один Марк и еще Иаков, брат Божий, в своем Соборном послании: «Болея ли кто из вас, пусть призовет пресвитеров Церкви, и пусть помолятся над ним, помазав его елеем» (Иак. 5, 14). Масло полезно бывает и против болезней, оно идет для освещения, употребляется при радостном состоянии духа и означает милость Божию и благодать Духа, которой мы избавляемся от болезней и от которой получаем и свет, и радость, и веселие духовное.

Царь Ирод, услышав об Иисусе (ибо имя Его стало гласно), говорил: это Иоанн Креститель воскрес из мертвых, и потому чудеса делаются им. Другие говорили: это Илия, а иные говорили: это пророк, или как один из пророков. Ирод же, услышав, сказал: это Иоанн, которого я обезглавил; он воскрес из мертвых.

Этот Ирод был сын Ирода, избившего младенцев. Как тетрарха, Марк называет его царем, употребляя это имя не в строгом смысле. Услышав о чудесах Господних и сознавая, что без причины убил праведного Иоанна, Ирод начал думать, что он воскрес из мертвых и по воскресении получил силу чудотворения. Прежде Иоанн не сотворил ни одного знамения, но после воскресения, – так думал Ирод, – получил он силу творить знамения. Но другие говорили о Христе, что это Илия, потому что Он обличал многих, например, когда говорил: «о, род неверный!» А Ирод боялся. Так жалок был этот человек, что боялся мертвого!

Ибо сей Ирод, послав, взял Иоанна и заключил его в темницу за Иродиаду, жену Филиппа, брата своего, потому что женился на ней. Ибо Иоанн говорил Ироду: не должно тебе иметь жену брата твоего. Иродиада же, злобясь на него, желала убить его; но не могла. Ибо Ирод боялся Иоанна, зная, что он муж праведный и святой, и берег его; многое делал, слушаясь его, и с удовольствием слушал его.

Taking advantage of the opportunity, Mark places here an introductory speech on the death of the Baptist. Some say that Herod took Herodias while Philip was still alive, and for this he was denounced as a lawless man who married the wife of his living brother. On the contrary, others claim that Philip is already dead, but left behind a daughter. And when Philip had a daughter, Herod should not have married his brother's wife even after his brother's death; for the Law commanded a brother to take his brother's wife in the event that the latter should die childless. But in the present case there was a daughter; therefore, Herod's marriage was unlawful. See how strong is the passion of carnal love! Herod, who had so much respect and fear for John, neglected it only to satisfy his passion.

A convenient day came when Herod, on the occasion of his birthday, was making a feast for his nobles, the commanders of thousands, and the elders of Galilee, – the daughter of Herodias came in, danced, and pleased Herod and those who sat at table with him; The king said to the maiden, "Ask me what you will, and I will give it to you; And he swore to her, Whatever thou askest of me, I will give thee, even to the half of my kingdom. She went out and asked her mother, "What should I ask?" She answered, "The heads of John the Baptist." And she immediately went with haste to the king and begged, saying, "I want you to give me the head of John the Baptist on a platter at once." The king was grieved, but for the sake of the oath and those who sat at table with him, he did not want to refuse her. And straightway, having sent a squire, the king commanded that his head be brought. And he went and cut off his head in prison, and brought his head on a platter, and gave it to the damsel, and the damsel gave it to her mother. And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took his body, and laid it in the tomb.

The feast goes merrily: Satan dances in the maiden, and an oath is taken, lawless and godless, and most of all mad. "That you may give me," says the wicked woman, "now, now." The reckless and lustful Herod was afraid to break his oath and therefore killed the righteous man, whereas in this case he should have betrayed his oath and not committed such a terrible crime (it is not always good to fulfill an oath). A squire was a military man who was appointed by society to execute and kill criminals. It is also possible to understand the passage in question in a figurative, spiritual sense. Thus, Herod is a crudely carnal Jewish people: he took a wife – a false and absurd glory, whose daughter is still dancing and moving among the Jews – this is the knowledge of the Scriptures that deceives them. They think they know the Scriptures, when they don't, for they beheaded John, that is, the prophetic word, because they didn't receive the Head of prophecy, I mean Christ. Therefore, if they have a prophetic word, they have it without a Head, that is, without Christ.

And the apostles gathered together to Jesus, and told him all things, and what they had done, and what they had taught. He said to them, "Go ye alone into a desert place, and rest a little, for there were many who came and went, so that they had no time to eat." And they went to a deserted place in a boat alone. The people saw them departing, and many recognized them; And the footmen fled thither from all the cities, and warned them, and gathered themselves together to him.

After their preaching, the apostles gather to Jesus. This should be a lesson for us, that we, too, having been chosen for any service, should not depart from obedience to the one who chose us and exalt ourselves before him, but should recognize him as the head, turn to him and report to him about everything that we have done and taught (we must not only teach, but also do). Christ gives His disciples a rest; this is a lesson for the primates, so that they may be able to give rest to those who labor in word and teaching, and not always keep them in tension and labor. Further, the Lord, not loving glory, withdraws into an empty place. However, even here He did not hide from those who sought Him. On the contrary, the people watched so attentively that the Lord would not hide from them, that they preceded, that is, preceded the apostles themselves and went to the place where Jesus intended to rest. In the same way, precede Jesus: do not wait for Him to call you, but rather hasten ahead yourself to warn Him.

When Jesus went out, he saw a multitude of people, and had compassion on them, because they were like sheep without a shepherd; And he began to teach them much. And when much time had passed, His disciples came to Him, saying, "The place here is desolate, and the time is already long, let them go, that they may go to the surrounding villages and villages, and buy themselves bread, for they have nothing to eat." He answered and said to them, "Give them something to eat." And they said to him, "Shall we go and buy two hundred denarii worth of bread and give them something to eat?" But he asked them, "How many loaves of bread do you have?" Go and have a look. When they found out, they said, "Five loaves and two fishes." Then he commanded them to seat everyone in compartments on the green grass. And they sat down in rows, a hundred and fifty.

The Pharisees, being ravenous wolves, did not save the people, but devoured them. Therefore, the people, having passed through them, gather to Christ, the true Shepherd. And Christ gives him food, at first more useful and valuable – in the word, and then in the body. But look at the disciples, how distinguished they are by their love for humanity! Feeling sorry for the people, they come to Christ and begin to beseech Him for him. The Lord, tempting them and testing whether they have come to know His power, that He is able to feed the people, says: "Give them something to eat." To this, the disciples, in the form of a reproach, present to Him, on the one hand, the greatness of their poverty, and on the other, the multitude of the people, as if He did not know this. In this difficulty, they say: "Shall we go and buy two hundred denarii worth of bread and give them something to eat?" That is, as if at different tables.